Tracking down the roots of our sanitary sewers: Photos/Graphics



	Components of Sewer Systems
	Flush tanks, gates and other flushing mechanisms Manholes, lampholes, grit basins Manhole covers around the world Manhole covers - history, early designs and examples Pipes Pipes - general Pipe rehabilitation Ancient/early types Asbestos cement Brick Cast in place Clay Coal Tar Impregnated Wood Fibre Pipe (Orangeburg, Bermico, etc.) Combinations of materials Concrete Ferrous metal (cast iron and steel) Oval / Egg-shaped Pipe joints PVC Segmental block Truss pipe Wood Other / unique materials Pumps
	Design
	Design from 1800 to 1925 Design from 1925 to the present Comprehensive sewer system designs such as the Shone, Berlier, and Liernur systems Odor Control Design Pump Station Design American Sewerage Practice (Metcalf and Eddy, 1914) 1915 Sewer Thesis, Tucson, Arizona Sewerage and Sewage Treatment (Babbitt, 1949)
	Construction
	Construction - general Construction of the Hill Avenue Interceptor, Superior, Wisconsin, 1938
	Maintenance and Safety
	Sewer cleaning equipment - sewer rods and other methods Sewer flushing Sewer maintenance vehicles Maintenance - general Safety equipment
	Disasters and Sinkholes
	Disasters and sinkholes around the world Sewer collapse in Tucson, Arizona, September 2002
	Private Sanitary Facilities
	Private latrines and bathrooms in the ancient world Toilets, earth closets, and house plumbing Outhouses
	Public Baths and Latrines
	Public baths and latrines from ancient and modern times
	Sewage Treatment
	Sewage treatment
	Sewer History by Region
	Europe and the Mediterranean Belgium Bulgaria British Isles (England, Scotland, Ireland, Orkney Islands) Crete France "Les Egouts de Paris" - A tour of the Paris sewers Paris Germany, Poland and Eastern Europe Greece Italy and Sicily Netherlands Poland Portugal Spain Sweden Middle East Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey Asia Central Asia (India and Pakistan) Harappa, Lothal, Mohenjo-daro East and Southeast Asia Japan Australia and New Zealand North America Canada Mexico Peru United States United States - general Arizona, Tucson - 1915 sewer thesis Arizona, Tucson - Sewer collapse, September 2002 California Florida Georgia Illinois Maine Massachusetts Michigan Montana Nebraska New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania Tennessee Texas Utah Washington Wisconsin Wisconsin - Construction of the Hill Avenue Interceptor, Superior, Wisconsin, 1938
	Sewer History by Era
	Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley (3000 - 2000 BCE) Harappa, Lothal, Mohenjo-daro Mesopotamia Minoan Civilization (3000 - 100 BCE) Ancient Rome and the Roman Empire (800 BCE - 300 CE) Dark Ages to Industrial Age (300 CE - early 19th century) Modern Era (early 19th century - present) Toilets and house plumbing in the modern era
	Miscellaneous
	Sewers in Culture - artwork, postcards, posters, music, etc. Novelties related to sewers "Vectors" and other critters in the sewers Sewer events Sewer education, museums, etc. "Les Egouts de Paris" - A tour of the Paris sewers Disasters and sinkholes around the world Sewer collapse in Tucson, Arizona, September 2002 Diseases and disease control The environment and environmental impacts of sewers