Sewer History: Photos and Graphics

Rhoads-Williams Flush Tank
	The Rhoads-Williams Siphon, circa 1899. Source: H. N. Ogden, "Chapter XVII: Flushing," Sewer Design (New York: John Wiley & Sons, London: Chapman & Hall, Limited, 1899), p. 200.
	Rhoads-Williams Flush Tank, circa 1899. Cady Staley and Geo. S. Pierson, "Chapter X: Flushing and Ventilation," The Separate System of Sewerage, Its Theory and Construction, Third Edition (New York: D. Van Nostrand, Co., 1899), p. 226.
Lightning Automatic Flush Tank
	The Lightning Automatic Flush Tank, circa 1899. Cady Staley and Geo. S. Pierson, "Chapter X: Flushing and Ventilation," The Separate System of Sewerage, Its Theory and Construction, Third Edition (New York: D. Van Nostrand, Co., 1899), p. 227.
Berry Automatic Siphon
	Automatic siphon for flush tanks made by the Berry Flush Tank Company, Iowa City, Iowa, 1899. Source: "The Berry Automatic Siphon for Flush Tanks," Engineering News and American Railway Journal, Volume XLII, No. 20 (16 Nov. 1899), p. 322.
Miscellaneous flushing designs
	Flushing boat and truck used in Paris sewers, circa 1884. Samuel M. Gray, Proposed Plan for a Sewerage System, and for the Disposal of the Sewage of the City of Providence (Providence: Providence Press Company, Printers to the City, 1884), Plate 16, opposite page 53.
	Cross-sections of Boston sewers, circa 1885. Note details showing tide gates and flushing mechanisms. Source: Eliot C. Clarke, Main Drainage Works of the City of Boston, 2nd edition (Boston: Rockwell and Churchill, City Printers, 1885), Plate VII.
	Cross-sections of Boston sewers, circa 1885. Note details showing tide gates. Source: Eliot C. Clarke, Main Drainage Works of the City of Boston, 2nd edition (Boston: Rockwell and Churchill, City Printers, 1885), Plate VIII.
	Bag for flushing large sewers, 1897. Source: "Apparatus for Flushing Small Sewers," Engineering News and American Railway Journal, Volume XXXVII, No. 17 (29 April 1897), p. 262.
	A combined flush tank and manhole, circa 1899. Source: "A Combined Flush Tank and Manhole," Engineering News and American Railway Journal, Volume XLI, No. 21 (25 May 1899), p. 338.
	General details for pipe sewers, wellhole, and manhole with flushing gate in the Pennsylvania Avenue subway project, circa 1900. Source: George S. Webster and Samuel Tobias Wagner, "History of the Pennsylvania Avenue Subway, Philadelphia, and Sewer Construction Connected Therewith," Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Volume XLIV (December 1900), p. 25.
	Early design for flush tank at upstream end of a residential collector sewer, Tucson, Arizona. From the G-36 sewer plans, circa 1900. Source: Pima County Wastewater Management Department, Tucson, Arizona.
	G-36 sewer plans -- miscellaneous standard details for drop manholes and flush tanks, Tucson, Arizona, circa 1900. Source: Pima County Wastewater Management Department, Tucson, Arizona.
	Flushing chamber with automatic siphon discharge, circa 1910. J. T. Brown, W. H. Maxwell, editors, "Sewerage," The Encyclopaedia of Municipal and Sanitary Engineering (New York: D. Van Nostrand Company, 1910), p. 431.
	Design details for flush tank, inlets, drop manhole and house connection, circa 1916. Source: A. Prescott Folwell, Sewerage - The Designing, Construction, and Maintenance of Sewerage Systems, 7th edition (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1916), p. 161.
U.S. Patents
	Patent for sewerage design, 1879. Patented by J. W. Crane on November 18, 1879. U.S. Patent No. 221,669. See full text description. (Use back button to return to graphics section.) Source: United States Patent and Trademark Office at http://www.uspto.gov. Thanks to Tom Bates for finding and contributing this patent.
	Patent for flushing system, 1889. Patented by H. W. McDonald and T. W. Shunk on June 18, 1889. U.S. Patent No. 405,587. 2 sheets. See full text description. (Use back button to return to graphics section.) Source: United States Patent and Trademark Office at http://www.uspto.gov. Thanks to Tom Bates for finding and contributing this patent.
	Patent for flushing system, 1899. Patented by H. C. Davis on May 2, 1899. U.S. Patent No. 624,188. 2 sheets. See full text description. (Use back button to return to graphics section.) Source: United States Patent and Trademark Office at http://www.uspto.gov. Thanks to Tom Bates for finding and contributing this patent.