Sanitary Sewers: Graphics: Manholes


	A conduit manhole in Parley's Canyon, Utah. The cement and brick manhole is deteriorating. Date unknown. Source: Utah State Historical Society, Photo no. C-601 #274. Salt Lake City Engineer's Collection. Used by permission, Utah State Historical Society, all rights reserved.
	Precast manholes in Jerusalem, Israel. Photo date 1999. Source: Dave Kirby, Pima County Wastewater Management Dept.
	A look inside a manhole located on a hill that is on the move, New Zealand. The hill is in the process of slowly sliding along a "greasyback" (New Zealand term for permeable soils setting on top of a slanted clay layer). Water builds up on top of the slanted clay layer and acts as a lubricant of sorts between the layers. The top layer ends up sliding off the clay layer. This one has been slowly on the move for at least 3 years (in 2007). Houses, water lines, sewer lines, roads - all are on the slide. There are a couple of fault lines running thorugh the town as well just to shake things up a little bit every now and then. It's a town engineer's nightmare... and a consultant's dream. The center of the bottom of the manhole (look for the washing machine foam at the bottom, also a black PE pipe is there) is about 8 inches off the center of the top. There are two places along the vertical profile of the manhole where the risers have displaced from the riser beneath, about 4 inches per displacement. Source: Catherine Schladweiler, from a source in New Zealand.
The Warsaw Uprising - Escape through the sewer system
	View of the Warsaw Uprising Memorial in Krashinski Square, Warsaw, Poland. The "Insurgents" is shown in the rear, and "Exodus" in the foreground. The Warsaw Uprising was a struggle of the Polish underground to liberate Warsaw in 1944. With the Soviet army approaching from the east, and German armies in full retreat, insurgents believed the liberation would take only a week. Germany, however, determined to hold Warsaw, so the uprising, which lasted from 08/01/44 to 10/02/44, was brutally crushed. Sewers were used by the insurgents for travel and escape. The following text from Warsaw Uprising 1944 describes their importance. (Photos about sewers in the Warsaw Uprising can be seen at the website also.) "From the early weeks of August of 1944, partisans used Warsaw's sewers as a means of transportation between separated districts. The clearance of the passages varied; the smallest that could be negotiated were 3 feet high and 2 feet wide. Where the passages were tall enough for adults to walk upright, the sludge level was significantly higher, aggravated by a strong current. The semicircular floor was very slippery and covered with debris, including corpses. Partisans controlled sewer traffic by issuing permits and guarding the manholes. Since all traffic was 'one way' and passing was impossible, schedules were created to organize the flow. From the end of August, sewers were used as the final evacuation route for partisans and civilians and for regular courier traffic. The most successful Old Town evacuation enabled 5,300 people (including 150 German POWs) to escape into City Centre and Jolibord. Not until ate August did the Germans realize that the partisans were traveling through the sewers. The Germans then tried to disrupt the traffic through the sewers by throwing in hand grenades, pouring in acrid gas, laying mines, building obstacles, and dumping and igniting gasoline. At the end of September, 150 evacuating Mokotov defenders accidentally exited into a German-held area and were executed on the spot." Source: Steve Harding, Pima County Wastewater Management Department. Thanks to Mr. Wietold Kiezun for historical information.
	The "Insurgents," part of the Warsaw Uprising Memorial in Krashinski Square, Warsaw, Poland. Source: Steve Harding, Pima County Wastewater Management Department.
	Detail of "The Exodus," part of the Warsaw Uprising Memorial in Krashinski Square, Warsaw, Poland. The figure on the right is entering a manhole. Source: Unknown.
Manhole designs from 1914 book by Metcalf and Eddy
	Design for a double drop manhole, Medford, Massachusetts, circa 1914. Source: Leonard Metcalf and Harrison P. Eddy, American Sewerage Practice, Vol. 1: Design of Sewers, 1st edition (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1914), p. 542.
	Design for a drop manhole, Newark, New Jersey, circa 1914. Source: Leonard Metcalf and Harrison P. Eddy, American Sewerage Practice, Vol. 1: Design of Sewers, 1st edition (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1914), p. 541.
	Design for a drop manhole, Newton, Massachusetts, circa 1914. Note the "downspout" for the incoming flow. Source: Leonard Metcalf and Harrison P. Eddy, American Sewerage Practice, Vol. 1: Design of Sewers, 1st edition (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1914), p. 543.
	Design for a drop manhole and Lovejoy combination, Staten Island, New York, circa 1914. Source: Leonard Metcalf and Harrison P. Eddy, American Sewerage Practice, Vol. 1: Design of Sewers, 1st edition (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1914), p. 540.
	Design for a flight ("stairstep") sewer, Baltimore, Maryland, circa 1914. The design was used to achieve a large elevation change and/or to dissipate energy. Sometimes used in lieu of a drop manhole. Source: Leonard Metcalf and Harrison P. Eddy, American Sewerage Practice, Vol. 1: Design of Sewers, 1st edition (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1914), p. 549.
	Design for separate sewers, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, circa 1914. Early separate sewers (sanitary and storm water) were laid vertically above/below each other so only one trench had to be dug. Source: Leonard Metcalf and Harrison P. Eddy, American Sewerage Practice, Vol. 1: Design of Sewers, 1st edition (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1914), p. 42.
	Design for standard manhole head (early name for cover) and cover, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, circa 1914. Source: Leonard Metcalf and Harrison P. Eddy, American Sewerage Practice, Vol. 1: Design of Sewers, 1st edition (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1914), p. 557.
	Design for wellhole (an extremely deep drop structure), Cleveland, Ohio, circa 1914. Source: Leonard Metcalf and Harrison P. Eddy, American Sewerage Practice, Vol. 1: Design of Sewers, 1st edition (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1914), p. 544.
	Design for wellhole (an extremely deep drop structure), Brooklyn, New York, circa 1914. Source: Leonard Metcalf and Harrison P. Eddy, American Sewerage Practice, Vol. 1: Design of Sewers, 1st edition (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1914), p. 548.
	Design for wellhole (an extremely deep drop structure), Minneapolis, Minnesota, circa 1914. Source: Leonard Metcalf and Harrison P. Eddy, American Sewerage Practice, Vol. 1: Design of Sewers, 1st edition (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1914), p. 547.