Sewer History: Photos and Graphics


	Cross-sections of Boston sewers, circa 1885. Source: Eliot C. Clarke, Main Drainage Works of the City of Boston, 2nd edition (Boston: Rockwell and Churchill, City Printers, 1885), Plate VII.
	Cross-sections of Boston sewers, circa 1885. Source: Eliot C. Clarke, Main Drainage Works of the City of Boston, 2nd edition (Boston: Rockwell and Churchill, City Printers, 1885), Plate VIII.
	Early typical cross-sections of sewers, 1894. Source: Supplement to Engineering News and American Railway Journal, 8 February 1894.
	Poured-in-place monolithic concrete invert with wood falsework to hold concrete arch blocks in place until arch is completed. Coldwater, Michigan, 1902. Source: Harry V. Gifford, "Concrete Sewer Construction at Coldwater, Mich.," Engineering News and American Railway Journal, Volume XLVII, No. 5 (30 January 1902), p. 97.
	Steel spiral-wound riveted iron water pipe. This 8" dia. pipe was used for over 40 years to convey water from Blue Lake (elev. 12,200) to the Bridal Veil Falls Hydroelectric Plant (elev. 10,250) near Telluride, Colorado. The power plant went into service in 1907. Source: Courtesy of Rick River, Idarado Mining Company, Ouray, Colorado.
	View in early pipe foundry. Source: Cast Iron Pipe, Standard Specifications Dimensions and Weights (Burlington, New Jersey: United States Cast Iron Pipe & Foundry Co.,1914), p. 26.
	Design for separate sewers, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, circa 1914. Early separate sewers (sanitary and storm water) were laid vertically above/below each other so only one trench had to be dug. Source: Leonard Metcalf and Harrison P. Eddy, American Sewerage Practice, Vol. 1: Design of Sewers, 1st edition (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1914), p. 42.
	Designs for several sewer cross-sections, circa 1914. Source: Leonard Metcalf and Harrison P. Eddy, American Sewerage Practice, Vol. 1: Design of Sewers, 1st edition (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1914), p. 449.
	Old wood pipe showing bell and spigot ends and valve, New York. Early wood pipe (especially those with bell and spigot connections between the individual laying lengths) used no gaskets. When the wood was in service, it became wet, swelled and helped seal the joint. Source: Cast Iron Pipe, Standard Specifications Dimensions and Weights (Burlington, New Jersey: United States Cast Iron Pipe & Foundry Co.,1914).