Sewer History: Photos and Graphics


	Design for outlet sewers at Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada, 1897. Source: "Sewer Outlets at Niagara Falls, Ont.," Engineering News and American Railway Journal, Volume XXXVII, No. 19 (13 May 1897), p. 300.
	Advertisement for standard culvert pipe, manufactured by Blackmer and Post Pipe Co., St. Louis, Missouri, 1897. Source: Supplement to Engineering News and American Railway Journal, Volume XXXVII, No. 4 (28 January 1897), p. XXVI (facing p. 29).
	Design drawings for the incline on the Indian Run Sewer (flight sewer), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1904. Source: ""The Indian Run Sewer, Philadelphia," The Engineering Record, Volume 50, No. 27 (31 December 1904), p. 779.
	A 5-foot riveted steel sewer for temporary use in connection with New York subway work. Photo dated 11-16-1914. Source: J. F. Springer, "Iron and Steel Sewer Pipe," Municipal Engineering, Volume LI, No. 3 (September 1916), p. 87.
	Old arroyo combined sewer, Tucson, Arizona, 1915. Source: Alfred D. Micotti, Proposed additions and extensions to the sewer system of the city of Tucson, Arizona, M.S. Thesis, University of Arizona, 1915. University of Arizona Library Special Collections Call no. E 9791 1915 1.
	A 48-inch segmental block sewer under construction in Wausau, Wisconsin, circa 1916. Blocks were made of either clay or concrete. Sometimes the exterior ring blocks were of concrete, while the interior ring blocks (that came in contact with the sewage) were made of clay. Source: J. F. Springer, "Segmental Block Sewer," Municipal Engineering, Volume LI, No. 6 (December 1916), p. 216.
	24" vitrified clay pipe culvert near Ingram, Texas, 1923. Source: Mission Clay, Kansas
	Dealer yard showing display of septic tanks, San Antonio, Texas, 1924. Source: Mission Clay, Kansas.
	Monolithic reinforced-concrete conduit, circa 1938. Source: W. A. Hardenbergh, "Water Supply and Purification," 1st edition (Scranton, Pennsylvania: International Textbook Company, 1938), p. 145.