Sewer History: Photos and Graphics


	Rehabilitation of a 1920s culvert in Japan, circa 2002. Source: Making Great Breakthroughs - All about the Sewage Works in Japan (Japan Sewage Works Association: Tokyo, ca. 2002), p. 40.
	Diagram of small-diameter pipe jacking method used in Japan in many urban areas. Source: Making Great Breakthroughs - All about the Sewage Works in Japan (Japan Sewage Works Association: Tokyo, ca. 2002), p. 27.
	Poster showing brick pipe conditions, graded from 1 to 5. Part of a sewerage rehabilitation manual. Source: Courtesy of Bruno de Ville d'Avray, Mairie de Paris / Direction de la protection de l'environnement, Section de l'assainissement de Paris; and Lucien Finel, previous Deputy to the Mayor of Paris (in charge of water and sanitation management).
	Poster showing typical pipe conditions, graded from 1 to 5. Part of a sewerage rehabilitation manual. Source: Courtesy of Bruno de Ville d'Avray, Mairie de Paris / Direction de la protection de l'environnement, Section de l'assainissement de Paris; and Lucien Finel, previous Deputy to the Mayor of Paris (in charge of water and sanitation management).
Refurbishment of Visitable Works (4 page booklet)
	Refurbishment of visitable works, Paris, France. In 1990, the City of Paris embarked upon a vast program involving the major refurbishment of sewer structures dating back to the second half of the 19th century. Source: "Refurbishment of visitable works" (Paris, France: Mairie de Paris, 2001), page 1. Courtesy of Bruno de Ville d'Avray, Mairie de Paris / Direction de la protection de l'environnement, Section de l'assainissement de Paris; and Lucien Finel, previous Deputy to the Mayor of Paris (in charge of water and sanitation management).
	Refurbishment of visitable works, Paris, France: The refurbishment project; The refurbishment method. Source: "Refurbishment of visitable works" (Paris, France: Mairie de Paris, 2001), page 2.
	Refurbishment of visitable works, Paris, France: Assessing the structures' condition. Source: "Refurbishment of visitable works" (Paris, France: Mairie de Paris, 2001), page 3.
	Refurbishment of visitable works, Paris, France: The cost per linear metre of refurbishment; Major refurbishment work which has already been undertaken. Source: "Refurbishment of visitable works" (Paris, France: Mairie de Paris, 2001), page 4.
Rehabilitation of Narrow Structures (2 page brochure)
	Rehabilitation of narrow structures, Paris, France. The Paris sewers, most of which were built in the second half of the 19th century, make up a 2,400 km long underground network wherein both wastewater and rainwater flow by gravity. They includes 60 km of channels with diameters ranging from 150 to 500 mm. These narrow wastewater collection pipes cannot be inspected, so that specific monitoring and maintenance techniques have to be implemented. Source: "Rehabilitation of narrow structures" (Paris, France: Mairie de Paris, 2002), page 1. Courtesy of Bruno de Ville d'Avray, Mairie de Paris / Direction de la protection de l'environnement, Section de l'assainissement de Paris; and Lucien Finel, previous Deputy to the Mayor of Paris (in charge of water and sanitation management).
	Rehabilitation of narrow structures, Paris, France: Diagnostic structure inspection; The rehabilitation methods; Maintenance. Source: "Rehabilitation of narrow structures" (Paris, France: Mairie de Paris, 2002), page 2.