Sewer History: Photos and Graphics


	Construction of overflow from collector II near railway station, Lodz, Kaliska, 1933. Lodz is the second largest city in Poland. Its sewage system was designed by W. H. Lindley and dates from 1925. Source: Piotr Niedzwiecki, Technical Inspector, Sewage System Department of Lodz Waterworks, Lodz, Poland.
	The same overflow today… Still in great shape. Source: Piotr Niedzwiecki, Technical Inspector, Sewage System Department of Lodz Waterworks, Lodz, Poland.
	Original (1936) technical drawing of an interesting feature of the Lodz Sewer System – snow dumps, which were usually built on egg-shaped brick sewers. After heavy snowfalls it is possible to continuously dump snow into a sewer through a special hatch in order to melt it by contact with warm sewage. Source: Piotr Niedzwiecki, Technical Inspector, Sewage System Department of Lodz Waterworks, Lodz, Poland.
The Warsaw Uprising - escape through the sewer system
	Overview of the Warsaw Uprising Memorial in Krasinski Square, Warsaw, Poland. The "Insurgents" is shown in the rear, and "Exodus" in the foreground. On April 19, 1942, the German SS entered the Warsaw Ghetto and encountered resistance from armed Jewish residents. The SS retreated, but set the ghetto on fire. On May 8th, the SS began using poison gas on the last fighters; all but 100 were killed. These 100 escaped into the sewers. This memorial commemorates the ghetto fighters and the final escape. Source: Steve Harding, Pima County Wastewater Management Department.
	The "Insurgents," part of the Warsaw Uprising Memorial in Krasinski Square, Warsaw, Poland. Source: Steve Harding, Pima County Wastewater Management Department.
	Detail of "The Exodus," part of the Warsaw Uprising Memorial in Krasinski Square, Warsaw, Poland. Jewish citizens and rebels escape Nazi forces through the Warsaw sewer system. The figure on the right is entering a manhole. Source: Unknown.