Illustration showing construction of a large sewer using new tunnelling methods in Brooklyn, New York, in the 1880s. High resolution version here (1 MB)

Source: "The Knickerbocker Avenue Extension Sewer, Brooklyn, N.Y.," Scientific American, Volume LIII, No. 24 (12 December 1885), cover. Collection of Jon C. Schladweiler, Pima County Wastewater Management Department.

Illustration showing construction of a large storm sewer in Brooklyn, New York, in the 1890s. At that time, it was the third largest working sewer in the world (per accompanying article). High resolution version here (1 MB)

Source: "The Main Intersection Sewer of the City of Brooklyn, N.Y.," Scientific American, Volume LXVI, No. 5 (30 January 1892), cover. Collection of Jon C. Schladweiler, Pima County Wastewater Management Department.

Wood stave pipe used at the Garoga River Plant in Fulton, New York.

Top photo: The original power plant built in 1850 and taken out of commission in 1903. The hard pine wood staves used in pipes here were in good condition after 50 years.

Bottom photo: The power plant was rebuilt in 1913 using douglas fir 78-inch wood stave pipe.

Source: J. F. Partridge, "Modern Practice in Wood Stave Pipe Design and Suggestions for Standard Specifications," with Discussion, Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Volume LXXXII, 1918, p. 487.

Sewer map of Ithaca, New York, circa 1899.

Source: H. N. Ogden, "Use of Flush Tanks (Chapter XVIII)," Sewer Design (New York: John Wiley & Sons, London: Chapman & Hall, Limited, 1899), Plate I.

Plan and profile of sewer line in Ithaca, New York, circa 1899.

Source: H. N. Ogden, "Use of Flush Tanks (Chapter XVIII)," Sewer Design (New York: John Wiley & Sons, London: Chapman & Hall, Limited, 1899), Plate II.